Question: Write a short article on TCP/IP.

Answer: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is the language a computer

uses to access the internet. It consists of a suite of protocols designed to establish a network

of networks to provide a host with access to the internet.

TCP/IP is responsible for full-fledged data connectivity and transmitting the data end to end by

providing other functions, including addressing, mapping and acknowledgment. TCP/IP contains four layers, which differ slightly from the OSI model.

The technology is so common that one would rarely use the full name. In other words,

in common usage the acronym is now the term itself.

TCP/IP specifies how data is exchanged over the internet by providing end-to-end communications that identify how it should be broken into packets, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the destination. TCP/IP requires little central management, and it is designed to make networksreliable, with the ability to recover automatically from the failure of any device on the network.

The two main protocols in the internet protocol suite serve specific functions. TCP defines how

applications can create channels of communication across a network. It also manages how a message is assembled into smaller packets before they are then transmitted over the internet and reassembled in the right order at the destination address.

IP defines how to address and route each packet to make sure it reaches the right destination.

Each gateway computer on the network checks this IP address to determine where to forward the message.

The TCP/IP stack is comprised of the following layers:

 

Layer                  Protocols

Application:      DNS, FTP, HTTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP, SSH, Telnet, SSL, ...

Transport:          TCP, UDP, ...

Network:                   IP (IPv4, IPv6), ICMP, ARP, ...

Data Link:         802.3 (Ethernet), 802.11 (Wi-Fi), PPP, ...

 

How does TCP/IP work?

As the name implies, TCP/IP is a combination of two separate protocols: TCP (transmission control protocol) and IP (Internet protocol). The Internet Protocol standard dictates the logistics of packets sent out over networks; it tells packets where to go and how to get there. IP has a method that lets any computer on the Internet forward a packet to another computer that is one or more intervals closer to the packet's recipient.

You can think of it like workers in a line passing boulders from a quarry to a mining cart.

The Transmission Control Protocol is responsible for ensuring the reliable transmission of data across Internet-connected networks. TCP checks packets for errors and submits requests for re-transmissions if any are found.

Three of the most common TCP/IP protocols:

HTTP - Used between a web client and a web server, for non-secure data transmissions. A web client (i.e., Internet browser on a computer) sends a request to a web server to view a web page. The web server receives that request and sends the web page information back to the web client.

HTTPS - Used between a web client and a web server, for secure data transmissions. Often used for sending credit card transaction data or private data from a web client (i.e., Internet browser on a computer) to a web server.

FTP - Used between two or more computers. One computer sends data to or receives data from another computer directly.

Domain names and TCP/IP addresses

The TCP/IP address for a website or web server is not easy to remember. To remedy this issue, a domain name is used instead.For example, 216.58.216.164 is one of the IP address for Google and google.com is the domain name. Using this method, instead of a set of numbers, makes it much easier for users to remember Computer Hope's web address.

What are the different layers of TCP/IP?

There are four total layers of TCP/IP protocol, listed below with a brief descr iption.

Network Access Layer - This layer is concerned with building packets.

Internet Layer - This layer uses IP (Internet Protocol) to describe how packets are to be delivered.

Transport Layer - This layer utilizes UDP (User Datagram Protocol) and TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) to ensure the proper transmission of data.

Application Layer - This layer deals with application network processes. These processes include

FTP (File Transfer Protocol), HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), and SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol).