Linux：

A file system is a collection of files and directories organized in a reasonably efficient hierarchy

In Linux, everything is a file, including normal files, directories, character devices, block devices, sockets, and so on

Files of different types are manipulated through the same API

The uniform file I/O system call API allows you to manipulate any file in your system regardless of the specific file system format in which it is located

File operations can be performed across file systems

The Linux file system differs from the Windows file system

Windows：

permissions：

Permissions define the type of access a user or group is granted to an object or object property. For example, Finance groups can be granted "read" and "write" rights to a file called Payroll.dat.

Permissions are applied to any protected object, such as a file, an Active Directory® object, or a registry object. Permissions can be granted to any user, group, or computer. A good practice is to assign permissions to groups.

An object's permissions can be assigned to:

Groups, users, and special identifiers in the domain.

Groups and users in this domain or any trusted domain.

The local groups and users on the computer on which the object resides.

The permissions attached to the object depend on the type of object. For example, permissions attached to files are not the same as permissions attached to registry keys. However, certain permissions are common to most types of objects. These public permissions are:

Read permissions

Modify the permissions

Change owner

delete

To set permissions, you specify access levels for groups and users. For example, you could allow one user to read the contents of a file and another user to modify the file, while preventing all other users from accessing the file. You can set similar permissions on the printer so that some users can configure the printer and others can only print with it.

If you need to change the permissions of individual objects, just start the appropriate tools and change the properties of the object. For example, to change the permissions on a file, start Windows Explorer, right-click the file name, and then click Properties. On the Security TAB, you can change the permissions on the file. For more information, see Permissions.

Ownership of objects

When an object is created, an owner is assigned to the object. The owner is the default creator of the object. No matter what permissions are set for an object, the object's owner can always change the object's permissions. For more information, see Ownership.

Inheritance of permissions

Inheritance makes it easy for administrators to assign and manage permissions. This feature automatically causes objects in a container to inherit all inheritable permissions of that container. For example, files in a folder, once created, inherit folder permissions. Only permissions marked to be inherited are inherited.

The user rights

User rights grant users and groups in the computing environment specific privileges and login rights.

Object to review

You can audit user access to objects. You can use the event viewer to view these security-related events in the security log.